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Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected adolescents outside school in China and provide reference to targeted prevention and control of HIV infection in this population. Methods: All the HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school reported during 2011-2019 were included this study. The information about their demographics, transmission routes and migration were collected from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. The χ2 test was done for comparison among groups. The Joinpoint 4.9.0 software was applied to the annual percent change (APC) for time trends analysis using the Joinpoint regression model. The Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 4 919 HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were reported accumulatively in China between 2011 and 2019, accounting for 63.4% (4 919/7 757) of total reported HIV-infected cases in this age group. Analysis on trend revealed that the new HIV infection diagnosis rate has become stable since 2016 (APC=2.5%, P=0.173) after the increase between 2011 and 2015 (APC=36.4%, P<0.001). The migration across provinces was discovered in 13.9% (684/4 919) of the HIV-infected adolescents outside school. Males, workers, and those diagnosed in detention centers or transmitted by injecting drugs or homosexual contacts accounted for a larger proportion in migrated cases compared with non-migrated cases. The adolescents outside school mainly got HIV infected by sexual contacts route, in which 66.5% (280/421) of the males were infected by homosexual contacts, while 97.8% (182/186) of the females were infected by heterosexual contacts in 2019. Conclusions: HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were mainly infected by sexual contacts. However, adolescents outside school have low awareness of sexual health and high mobility, to whom close attention should be paid to improve their awareness of sexual health and to provide them with appropriate HIV infection prevention and treatment service.
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , China/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Schools , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
Drug use (DU), particularly injecting drug use (IDU) has been the main route of transmission and spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs). Previous studies have proven that needles or cottons sharing during drug injection were major risk factors for HIV/AIDS transmission at the personal level. Being a social behavioral issue, HIV/AIDS related risk factors should be far beyond the personal level. Therefore, studies on HIV/AIDS related risk factors should focus not only on the individual factors, but also on the association between HIV/AIDS cases and macroscopic-factors, such as economic status, transportation, health care services, etc. The impact of the macroscopic-factors on HIV/AIDS status might be either positive or negative, which are potentially reflected in promoting, delaying or detecting HIV/AIDS epidemics.
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Humans , China , Epidemiology , Drug Users , Geography, Medical , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Injections , Models, Statistical , Principal Component Analysis , Regression Analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trend as well as the related affecting factors of hepatitis C in China.Methods Data analysis was performed based on the case-reporting data of hepatitis C from 1997 to 2011,using SPSS 19.0.Results The number of reported cases and incidence of hepatitis C had been increasing annually since 1997,especially in 2004.The hepatitis C reported incidence increased from 3.03 per 100 000 in 2004,to 12.97 per 100 000 in 2011.The 15 to 49 age group accounted for more than 50％ of all the reported cases,seen in every year.The number and proportion of hepatitis C reported cases among those over 50 year-olds had an annually increase.From 2005 to 2011,the number of cases in both urban areas and rural areas increased annually,while the urban-rural ratio decreased from 1.47 in 2005 to 0.99 in 2011.There appeared an increasing trend of hepatitis C reported incidence in China,with most of the high reported incidence of hepatitis C fell in the northern parts of China.74.8％ of the HCV/HIV co-infected cases had histories of intravenous drug use,plasma donation,blood transfusion or surgical operation.Conclusion The reported number and incidence of HCV infection had been increasing annually.To develop a more realistic control measures for hepatitisv C,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring program and carrying out specific epidemiological study among target groups and key areas.
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Objective To analyze the HIV/AIDS epidemics situation among migrant population.Methods Data on HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population through case reporting system was collected from 2008 to 2011.Results The number of reported cases on HIV/AIDS among mobile population had been rising,with proportions of the total reported cases increased from 10.2％ in 2008,to 18.2％ in 2011.Sexual contacts continued to be the major route of transmission.With the increasing proportion of homosexual transmission,HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population moved from high HIV-prevalence areas in the western and central parts to low HIV-prevalence areas in the eastern part of the country.Conclusion In recent years,the number of HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population was increasing in the case reporting system.Data showed that some male rural migrants had been engaged in commercial sex activities that called for more effective intervention measures to be taken to reduce the new HIV/AIDS infections in the migrant population.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 2006 to 2010 in China,and to provide evidence for the development of prevention and control measures.Methods Through the network reporting information system.The distribution of MSM transmission was analyzed.Through sentinel surveillance system from 2006 to 2010,data was gathered and analyzed for HIV/AIDS positive rates and condom use to describe the epidemic characteristics of HIWAIDS among MSM.Results Data from HIV/AIDS case reporting system showed that the proportion of MSM transmission was on the rise (from 1.5％ in 2006 to 10.8％ in 2010),becoming the fastest growth of spreading.Compared with other routes of spreading,MSM transmission showed the following obvious characteristics: 15 to 29 years olds (54.6％),having higher culture background (senior high school graduattesed or above accounting for 69.8％),unmarried (64.8％),being cadres/teacher/doctor/retirees and students (accounted for 14.3％ and 7.9％),with high mobilityfloating population (36.2％),being urban population (72.6％),having history of blood donation without payment (26.7％ and 6.4％ ).In terms of location,they mainly lived in provinces as Beijing,Sichuan,Guangdong,Chongqing,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanghai and Liaoning where economics were more developed.Data from HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance system showed that,from 2006 to 2010,the HIV positive anti-body detection rate (median) was 3.4％ among MSM in this country,much higher than among the female sex workers.Rate on condom usage (median) was 73.2％,lower than among the female sex workers.Conclusion The proportion of HIV transmission among MSM was on the rapid rise from 2006 to 2010 in China.Through HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance system,we found that the infection rate was high but the rate of condom usage was low among MSM.Factors as being 15 to 29 years olds,students and blood donors shold be under major concern.
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Objective Using the HIV positive paid blood donors (PBDs) as example, to investigate the impact of the delayed diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients on the calculated median incubation of AIDS. Methods Information was retrospectively collected on HIV/AIDS patients who were infected through paid blood donation. Data was from the national HIV/AIDS case reporting system. The time of diagnosed HIV/AIDS after the screening was defined as delayed diagnoses. All the cases were diagnosed between Jan. 1st 1995 and the end of the screening were classified as group 1, while the cases diagnosed between Jan. 1st 1995 and Dec. 31st 2010 were classified as group 2.Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the median AIDS incubation of cases from the two groups. Results from the two groups on theft incubation periods were compared. Results From the data of group 1, we noticed that the median AIDS incubation was 9.62 years but the 95％ CI were not provided in the results of SAS software. When using the data from group 2,we found that the median AIDS incubation was 9.83 years, with the 95％CI as 9.73 to 9.83 years. Conclusion Our data showed that, if excluding the delayed diagnosed cases, the AIDS incubation periods were shorter and biased.
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Objective To analyze the HIV/AIDS epidemic situation and related behavioral components among young students in the last years and to provide information for integrated control and prevention programs. Methods Data on young students (1 5-24 years) through case reporting system was collected from 2006 to 2009 and continuous sentinel surveillance data regarding 6 national sentinel sites carried out from 2006 to 2009 was also collected. The sentinel sites would include universities, junior college and secondary vocational colleges registered students, using cluster sampling phases method. Self-administered questionnaire survey and blood (HIV antibody testing and syphilis antibody testing) tests were carried out, with the sample size was about 800 cases per site per year. Results The number of case report on HIV/AIDS among the young students of 15-24 years age group had been rising. Similar trend was also observed on the number of reported cases over the years, accounting for the proportions of the total number of reported cases, as 0.39%, 0.50%, 0.83%and 1.02% respectively from 2006 to 2009. Sexual contacts continued to be the major route of transmission, with the increasing proportion of homosexual transmission. In the 6 national sentinel sites of young students which continuous surveillance was conducted during the period from 2006 to 2009, data showed the following facts as: proportion (median) of objects who admmited to have had sex, were: 4.3%, 4.5 % and 6.1%, proportions (median) of commercial sex occurred in the past year were: 0.3%, 0.2% and 0.3%; proportions (median) of MSM occurred in the past year were: 0.7%,0.2% and 0.2%; median of HIV antibody positive rate and syphilis antibody positive rate were 0%;median of awareness rate on HIV/AIDS were: 49.0%, 75.0% and 80.5%; proportion (median) of monitor objects who received intervention services in the past year were: 44.2%, 54.3% and 50.2% respectively. Conclusion In recent years, the HIV / AIDS number through case reporting system on the young students under 15-24 years age group, was increasing, but the HIV prevalence among young students was still relatively low, in general. The main transmission was sexual. Some young students had been engaged in commercial sex and MSM activities. Health education should be strengthened to increase the awareness of young students on AIDS/STD prevention. It is necessary to take more effective intervention measures to decrease new infection and control HIV/AIDS epidemic among young students.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To monitor the time trend of behaviors change related to HIV/AIDS epidemic and HIV prevalence, and to provide information and basis for comprehensive HIV prevention responses and evaluation of intervention effectiveness among female sex workers in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During the year of 2004 to 2008, a series of cross-sectional surveys were conducted among female sex workers in community recruited in both entertainment places and in street, during the defined timeframe, a face-to-face interview was conducted with uniformed questionnaire; while, the venous blood specimen was collected. The sample size was 400 per site per survey.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 15 continuous national HIV comprehensive surveillance sites among female sex workers from 2004 to 2008, the median of HIV prevalence was 0.0%; Prevalence (median) of syphilis respectively: 0.5%, 1.8%, 1.6%, 1.8% and 1.0%. The median of target subjects who used condom in the last commercial sex was: 81.8%, 80.5%, 84.6%, 87.0% and 88.9% respectively; the median of always used condom in commercial sex during the last month: 65.8%, 59.6%, 60.3%, 59.8% and 73.7%. The median of awareness rate on HIV/AIDS transmission of female sex workers was: 74.3%, 84.1%, 65.2%, 66.0% and 74.3%. The median of target subjects who attended HIV VCT services were: 12.4%, 20.4%, 25.8%, 25.3% and 31.7%. The median of the proportion of female sex workers who reached intervention in last year respectively: 46.4%, 76.1%, 72.1%, 95.0% and 90.8%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Condom use and HIV awareness rate need to enhance further among female sex workers. The proportion of female sex workers who attended VCT and knew their HIV testing result and the proportion of female sex workers who reached intervention in last year both increase. HIV prevalence rate among female sex workers is generally low, but high risk behaviors are still alarming. It is necessary to take more comprehensive and effective prevention measures and intervention.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Sentinel Surveillance , Sex Work , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the proportion of HIV related death cause, and its years of potential life lost (YPLL) and work years of potential life lose (WYPLL) in project counties.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>According to the protocol of the third national death causes surveillance and HIV related death causes surveillance, retrospective study was implemented including baseline investigation of deaths' name list, demography information, door-to-door interview and death causes deduction in Gejiu, Ruili and Longchuan county in Yunnan province, Yangdong county in Guangdong province, Luzhai county in Guangxi zhuang Autonomous Region, Weishi and Zhecheng county in Henan province, Xishui county in Hubei province and Gu'an county in Hebei province.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study was conducted among nine counties located in seven provinces. A total of 118 719 cases were included, raw mortality was 5.83 per thousand, 2002 death cases were related to HIV, which contributed 1.67% of total deaths. The average age of HIV death was 38.03 yearsow, which was earlier than the non-HIV-related life-span (63.10 years). The YPLL and WYPLL of HIV death was 33.80 years and 20.50 years, respectively, which had contributed the second highest average YPLL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV has an important proportion among all death causes, and has contributed severe average YPLL and WYPLL.</p>